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REAL TIME GRAPHICS AND RENDERING

Computer graphics
Refers to the picture that is generated by a computer.

Rendering
Refers to the process of creating an image from a model by a computer.

Real time graphics and rendering
Refers to computer graphics that shows the real thing of something.




Advantages
 In entertainment industry

 It is used in creating different games
.
 In engineering

 It helps engineers to design their things like they can design type of car they want or they can design a house.

 In the arts
It helps the artists to design some different things like picture.


Disadvantages
 It takes long time when designing of something

 It needs computers which have big RAM and processors.

 Also it requires experts so that you can be able to use effectively this project.


Conclusions
I think computer graphics and rendering is very good in terms of entertainment and movies design so it is very useful in those industries also as individual it is good to learn so that you can be able to design your own programs like gam

PROGRAMMING AND COMPILER

In this programming and compiler I learned different things and also new things.

Software is a collection of computer programs that perform some tasks on a computer.

Program, these are instructions which tells computer what to do.

Programming is the process of writing source code of computer program.

Compiler is a computer program that translates source code written in a computer language into another computer language.

Also compiler is the computer program that translates source code into high level language into low level language.

Decompiler is the program that translate source code into a low level language into high level language

Machine language (machine code) is the language which can be understandable by the machines which are zero and ones.

Bytecode
These are machine independent every computer can understand this code because they come after you have been compile and in order for the computer to understand the bytecode,the interpreter should interpret and every computer have got it own form of machine code and those machine code are dependent each computer has got its own form of understanding machine code.

TYPES OF COMPUTER PROGRAMING LANGUAGE

 Machine language
Is the lowest level of computer programming language which uses zero and one’s.

 Assembly language
Is the low level of computer programming language which uses symbolic representation of the numeric and this helps the programmers more to remember rather than zero and one’s.

 High level language
Is the programming language which uses natural language and these are easy to be use and these languages are independent. Example java when you compared to assembly language which are designed for a specific computer.




CHALLENGES

 Need for skilled programmer
If you want to be able to create programmer you need to have skill on programming.

 New languages are being invented
Every day there is new languages so we need to learn those languages so that we can be able to cope with a technology.

 Difficult in debugging
When you create your programming some errors may arise so sometimes it is very difficult to know where the error is.


CONCLUSION
In my opinion programming language is good so we need to learn programming so that we can be able to create good programs.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

I learned that artificial intelligence involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them in a computer friendly way.

 

The aim of this artificial intelligence is to simplify work; computers are well suited to perform mechanical computation, using fixed rules and also can be able to perform efficiently and reliably where human can not be able to do that.

 

But also computers have trouble understanding specific situations and adapting to new situations.

 

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 

Artificial intelligence is applied in many field like military for automatic control of target and identification bombs, also it is used to the entertainment industry for robot and computer games, it is used in the hospitals to predict patient behavior example when someone is on the ICU.

 

ADVANTAGES

§         It simplify work since most of the work now days are done by machines and the job is done in efficiency way

§         It is also helps in identify the uniqueness of a person and this reduces confusions.

 

DISADVANTAGES

§         Involves very high cost to implement this project

§         It is also need well skilled expert

§         It also causes loss of job for many people because in the industry now days machines and robots are working

 

CONCLUSION

In my opinion artificial intelligent helps us in many ways because machines don’t get tired but human being do,so I think that one days those machines can be able to think as human being that is what I believe.

 

USABILITY ENGINEERING AND HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
I learned that usability engineering implies more of a focus on assessing and making recommendations to improve system which is interactive, usable and meets the needs of users than it does on design.

Also Human computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use.
Also I have been able to differentiate two words

Usefulness
Is the word used to define something which can be helpfully to the users.

Usability
Is the word used to define something which can be usable by it users.
There are two types of products design

Product centered design
This is the production process which does not take an account of the users.
According to my opinion I don’t think this is the good design because while designing there is no contact between designer and customer until the product is delivered and this is not good because when the product is delivered customer may say the product is not usable or usefully.

User centered design
This is the process design which is collaboration between designers and users. According to my opinion this is good design because user and designer are in constant communication during the entire process so if there is a need of changing anything customer contribute, so this result into something which is usefully and usable.

CHALLENGES
 It is hard to get requirements from users who have no technique expertise.
 This is because other customers they don’t have any skill on that kind of design so they fail to know what to contribute so this is hard to the designers.
 It is too cost if you want to develop new product, so this challenges many people
 Also it is very difficult to build a system which can be to fit all interest of the users and their needs.


CONCLUSION
In my opinions the designers should design systems or program which are usefully and usable to the users and also which are based on the interest of the users.

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

 

INTRODUCTION

Software engineering

I learned that Software Engineering is the systematic approach to the design, construction, developing and maintenance of computer programs or in other term is the application of engineering discipline to the development of software.

 

The aim of software engineering was to overcome software crisis and to produce high-quality software, cheaper, maintainable,easy to use and deliver them at the right time.

 

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

§         Retail software

This type of software is sold off the shelves of retail stores, and it is very expensive because it includes expensive packaging designed to catch the eye.

§         OEM Software (Original Equipment Manufacture)

Refers to software which is sold to the market but designed to be bundled with hardware.

§         Shareware Software

This is kind of software which is downloadable free from the internet ,the user is allowed to try the program for free but it last for thirty days after the trial period the software must be purchased or uninstalled.

§         Freeware

Is the software which is downloaded from the internet for free but for person only when it is needed for commercial it requires license to be paid.

TOOLS USED IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Software engineering tools are tools or things that are intended to provide automated support for software process system.

Computer Aided Software engineering tools

 These are tools used to provide automated support for development of software, i.e., computer code. The CASE functions include analysis, design, and programming.

There are two types of Computer Aided Software

§         Upper case tool

This support strategic, planning and construction of conceptual level product and ignore the design aspect. They support traditional diagrammatic languages such as ER diagrams, Data flow diagram, Structure charts etc.

§         Lower case tool

This concentrates on the back end activities of the software life cycle and hence supports activities like physical design, debugging, construction, testing, and integration of software components, maintenance, reengineering and reverse engineering activities.

METHODOLOGIES OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

§         Objects oriented programming (OOP)

Is the computer program style that uses data structure to design application and computer program. Example java

§         Rapid application development (RAD)

This refers to a type of software development life cycle which uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping.

§         Scrum (all at once approach to software engineering)

Is the type of methodology where different people with experience work together so as to manage complex work, such as new product development)

 

§         Team software process

A defined operational process framework that is designed to help teams of managers and engineers to organize and produce large-scale software projects

 

 

CHALLENGES WHICH FACED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

§         Heterogeneity challenge

Is the challenge of developing techniques for building dependable software that is flexible enough to cope with different types of computer and with different kinds of support systems.

§         Delivery challenge

 Is the challenge of shortening delivery times for large and complex systems without           affect the quality of the system.

 Trust challenge

The trust challenge is to develop techniques that demonstrate that software can be trusted by its users, so that it may be necessary to make rapid changes to a software.

 

 

CRITICISMS WHICH FACED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

§         Fail to manage expectation

One key to successful software engineering project is managing the customer’s expectations to something that can be build and delivered.

 

§         Poor requirements from customers

The requirements for most Software Engineering projects are incomplete or inconstant. Some customers have little experience writing requirements, other client do not know what they want and say I will know it when I see it.

§         Rising complexity requirement and user expectation of the customer

The probability of failure increases with the size and complexity of the project, this is because of the customers asks more and what is delivered is less.

§         Ongoing change of technology

Criticism argues that develops of new technology and uses them, this proves that older technology and practices were failures.

§         On going failure of the project

Criticism argues that incomplete or poorly designed systems are still too common.

§         Failure to pinpoint causes of problems

Software engineer fail to the causes of the failure of the project and to avoid to repeat in the future.

§         No theorems about people and projects

No theorems explain why one software engineer is more productive than another and why some software projects succeed and other fails.

CONCLUSIONS

In my opinion Software engineering has a bright future (job opportunities) as engineers we have to learn more in order to adapt new technology in order cope with global market, also Software engineers must behave in an honest and ethically responsible way if we want to be respected as professionals.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FINGERPRINT RECOGNTION

I learned that fingerprint recognition is the process which is used automatic tool to check match between two people.

 

Also I learned that no two people will have the same fingerprint and  classification of the fingerprint differ due to the several features of the print pattern, and this include patterns which are aggregate characteristics of ridges and unique features found within the pattern.

 

TYPES OF FINGERPRINT

§      Arch

this is kind of fingerprint where by it patterns starts from one side of the finger, rise in the center and then exist the other side of the finger.

 

§      Loop

This is the kind of fingerprint where by patterns starts from one side of a finger, form a curve and tend to exist from the same side they enter.

 

§      Whorl

This is the kind of fingerprint where by patterns forms circularly around a central point of the finger.

 

ACQUISATION OF FINGERPRINT IS DONE IN TWO WAYS

§      Off-line sensing

This is kind of the acquisition fingerprint which is used ink technique where by the ink is spread on the finger and then the finger is spread against the paper card then card is scanned by using a common paper-scanner and produce the final digital image

 

§      Live scan sensing

In here is done by collection of digital image by direct sensing the finger surface with an electronic fingerprint scanner.

 

CHALLENGES

§      Sometimes criminals do cut their fingers so lead to the failure of the project.

 

§      Due to the technical problem some sensors do not read fingerprint images properly so this lead to poor quality and fail to recognize a person.

 

CONCLUSION

In my opinion this is very good technique of identifying a unique of a person because every has got a unique fingerprint but sometimes this project fail because other criminal destroys their patterns so they have to find another way where by no one can be able to destroy it.

 

IRIS RECOGNITION

I learned that iris recognition is the process which is used to identify a uniqueness of the individuals by photographing the iris of their eye.

 

Also I learned that no two irises are alike not between identical twins, or even between the right and left eye of the same person.

 

Also I learned that iris don’t change this means that they don’t change with age, they remain same for the rest of their life.

 

And this is done by zoom iris on the camera and records the shape of it, and a frame from the camera is digitized into byte file and stored on a computer database

 

IMPORTANCE OF IRIS RECOGNITION

§         Iris recognition can be used to a high security areas since iris are unique.

§         It is also used in the identification of a person who has limited use of hands or arms.

§         Since iris don’t change it can be used for a very long time as long as database is secured

 

CHALLENGES

§         It is used large amount of cost if you want to implement it in your company.

§         It is affected by the environmental weather, like if there is bad weather the quality of the images may be of low quality and this might affect the original of the image

 

 

CONLUSION

In my opinion this is very good tool in term of security because it is highly sure the uniqueness of one individuals so it is very difficult to cheat on this.

PARALLEL COMPUTING

I learned that parallel computing is the use of two or more processors (computers) in combination to solve a single problem

 

And this is done by breaking the problem into pieces, and these pieces are solved in parallel and their executed simultaneously.

 

The aim of this parallel computing is done so that to simplify work.

 

Types of parallelism

§         Bit level parallelism

Is the amount of information the processor can execute per cycle.

 

§         Instruction parallelism

This is kind of parallelism where by instruction can be reordered and combined into groups which are then executed in parallel without changing the result of the program

 

§         Data parallelism

This is kind of parallelism which focuses on distributing the data across different computing nodes to be processed in parallel.

 

§         Task parallelism

Different calculations can be performed on either the same or different sets of data, and task parallelism does not usually scale with the size of a problem

 

 

 

CHALLENGES

§         Poor performance

This is because computer my appears busy all the time and it is only after you do a more detailed analysis.

§         Little experience

Most of the people have little or no experience with parallel computing, so they still develop the same system though they cause law performance problem.

§         Poor portability

A program may work on one machine, but when the program is runned into   another machine may fail to adapt the system, so some changes have to be made just to permit the program to run.

 

CONCLUSIONS

According to my opinion I think parallel computing is good because it solve complex work and also it saves time but people have to do more research on this so that to have more skill in order  to solve problem like low performance of computer when it does a multitasks work

SOFTWARE VISUALIZATION

 I learned that software visualization is concerned with the static or animated visual representation of information about software systems based on their structure or behavior.

 

The aim of this software visualization is to understand software structure and its algorithm by looking animated behavior of algorithms.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE VISUALIZATION

§      Visualization of a single component

This is visualizing source code and quality defects during software development and maintenance activities and also they visualize the direct relationship of a class and its method with other classes in software system.

§      Visualization of whole sub- systems

 Is the visualization of a whole system of subsystem to explore the architecture techniques for defect discovery.

IMPORTANCE OF PROGRAM VISUALIZATION

§      It is used for understanding application and system behavior for purposes of debugging and tuning

§      It helps in the simplification of the design or programming process.

§      Also it helps users to look for trends, anomalies and correlations.

§      It also helps in tracing, monitoring and analysis capabilities.

CONCLUSION

Software/program visualization is good because it helps users to understand  the behavior of a system,  also it helps me to understand how the system is behaving in terms of structure and algorithm.

 

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
In this topic of Education technology I learned that is the study of education by using appropriate technological processes and resources

There are advantages of educational technology
 In students it helps them to access materials easly, example if they want more elaboration on the topic they can go to the internet and get different materials.
 Also it gives students good environment for studying because through using devices like projector while teaching it gives student more clarification about what teacher is explaining example, they could be some pictures which they elaborate more while teacher is teaching
 Also it helps the students to be efficiency in writing because if they use word processors it easy for the mistake to be correct rather than using just pen and paper.

CONCLUSION
In my opinion, teacher and students should be well trained to use those devices otherwise it will be useless of those devices and wasted of time and money.

DATA MINING

In this topic of data mining I learned that data mining is the process of extracting hidden information by using computing power to apply systematic study of methods, including new techniques for knowledge discovery of data.

In order to be successfully in your data mining, there are five elements you need to follow which are extract, transform, and load transaction data onto the data stockroom systems and manage the data in the database system, Provide data access to business analysts and information technology professionals, Analyze the data by application software and present the data in a useful format, such as a graph or table.

Also there are advantages of data mining:

It helps the marketers by providing them with useful information about their costumers about their purchasing behavior so that he may know what kind of product the customers by most so that they may bring product more.

Also in the researchers it helps to assist researchers by giving more information about their research so it helps the research not to use much time in their researchs.

In security it helps in identifying criminal information by examining the record of the criminal like location, crime type, habit, and other patterns of behaviors.

Also there are disadvantages of data mining:

In Personal privacy this is the major problem because some people privacy may be open and then some people may misuse the information and it may cause harm to the people.

Also in security this is the problem because you may find that the company has a lot of information about their customers and then they fail to secure the database properly so when crackers come they get the information and cause problems to the person.

So in my opinion data mining is very good especially when it is used in effectively way.

IMAGES COMPRESSION

In this image compression I learned that, image compression is the process of encoding information using fewer bits on digital images.
Also I learned that if you want to make compression on the image you have to start to the original one because if you won’t start with the original image you might loose some of the data and it will leads to the poor image quality.

Also I learned that there are two types of images compression, which are lossy and lossless.

Lossy compression
when you compress the data and then if you decompress them they might be well be different from the original, and this method is commonly used to compress multimedia data (audio, video, images). 

Lossless compression
 this is the type of compression where by when you compress the data it allows exact original data to be retrieved from the compressed data, and this is commonly used in text, example text files.

Also I learned that you can format the images by using different format like
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
GIF (Graphical Interchange Format)
PNG (Portable network graphics)
BMP (Bitmap)
But in image compression they use
JPEG and GIF

Also I learned that there are advantages of images compression, when you compress you are images it reduce time for images downloading and also it reduce the data storage requirement, also there are some some disadvantages of images compression is that you may loose some data and reduce the quality of images.

Images compression is good because it has many advantages if you use it.

AUTOMATIC ESSAY ASSESSMENT
In this topic I learned that automatic essay assessment is the process of evaluation essay by using electronic device which is being done automatically by the machine.

Also I learned that by using this automatic essay assessment it makes easy for teachers to do evaluation of essays because it saves time and also it helps teachers giving grades to the students.
Also in the student side it helps the students to be critically thinkers and not plagiarize from someone else.

But also the student they can still cheat, and plagiarize by changing text so this is not good solution for the students to stop plagiarize.

Also in other hand I don’t agree with this essay assessment because it is not accurate because it might make mistake because it is just a machine. I think evaluation of teacher himself will be good to see the students how they think and give the right grade.

SPEAKER RECOGNITION
In this topic I learned that speaker recognition is the process of automatically recognizing who is speaking on the basis of information concerning speech signals of individual.

And also I learned that there are two types of speaker recognition Speaker identification and Speaker verification

Speaker identification
This is the process of determining who is speaking at that time or an unknown speaker

Speaker verification
This is the process of confirmation whether the voice is matched to one identity, where by one speaker voice is is matched to the one which is already being identified.

In my opinion, speaker recognition is not good in terms of security, because there are people who are good in terms of pretending someone voice, so if you put your voice as a security someone may be able to log in ,but in terms of identify someone voice especially in criminal matter this is good.